Using R2DBC

The Reactive Relational Database Connectivity (R2DBC) project brings reactive programming APIs to relational databases. R2DBC’s io.r2dbc.spi.Connection provides a standard method of working with non-blocking database connections. Connections are provided by using a ConnectionFactory, similar to a DataSource with jdbc.

ConnectionFactory configuration is controlled by external configuration properties in spring.r2dbc.*. For example, you might declare the following section in application.properties:

Properties
YAML

spring.r2dbc.url=r2dbc:postgresql://localhost/test
spring.r2dbc.username=dbuser
spring.r2dbc.password=dbpass

spring:
  r2dbc:
    url: "r2dbc:postgresql://localhost/test"
    username: "dbuser"
    password: "dbpass"

You do not need to specify a driver class name, since Spring Boot obtains the driver from R2DBC’s Connection Factory discovery.

At least the url should be provided. Information specified in the URL takes precedence over individual properties, that is name, username, password and pooling options.

The “How-to” section includes a section on how to initialize a database.

To customize the connections created by a ConnectionFactory, that is, set specific parameters that you do not want (or cannot) configure in your central database configuration, you can use a ConnectionFactoryOptionsBuilderCustomizer @Bean. The following example shows how to manually override the database port while the rest of the options is taken from the application configuration:

Java
Kotlin

import io.r2dbc.spi.ConnectionFactoryOptions;

import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.r2dbc.ConnectionFactoryOptionsBuilderCustomizer;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
public class MyR2dbcConfiguration {

	@Bean
	public ConnectionFactoryOptionsBuilderCustomizer connectionFactoryPortCustomizer() {
		return (builder) -> builder.option(ConnectionFactoryOptions.PORT, 5432);
	}

}

import io.r2dbc.spi.ConnectionFactoryOptions
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.r2dbc.ConnectionFactoryOptionsBuilderCustomizer
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
class MyR2dbcConfiguration {

	@Bean
	fun connectionFactoryPortCustomizer(): ConnectionFactoryOptionsBuilderCustomizer {
		return ConnectionFactoryOptionsBuilderCustomizer { builder ->
			builder.option(ConnectionFactoryOptions.PORT, 5432)
		}
	}

}

The following examples show how to set some PostgreSQL connection options:

Java
Kotlin

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

import io.r2dbc.postgresql.PostgresqlConnectionFactoryProvider;

import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.r2dbc.ConnectionFactoryOptionsBuilderCustomizer;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
public class MyPostgresR2dbcConfiguration {

	@Bean
	public ConnectionFactoryOptionsBuilderCustomizer postgresCustomizer() {
		Map<String, String> options = new HashMap<>();
		options.put("lock_timeout", "30s");
		options.put("statement_timeout", "60s");
		return (builder) -> builder.option(PostgresqlConnectionFactoryProvider.OPTIONS, options);
	}

}

import io.r2dbc.postgresql.PostgresqlConnectionFactoryProvider
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.r2dbc.ConnectionFactoryOptionsBuilderCustomizer
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
class MyPostgresR2dbcConfiguration {

	@Bean
	fun postgresCustomizer(): ConnectionFactoryOptionsBuilderCustomizer {
		val options: MutableMap<String, String> = HashMap()
		options["lock_timeout"] = "30s"
		options["statement_timeout"] = "60s"
		return ConnectionFactoryOptionsBuilderCustomizer { builder ->
			builder.option(PostgresqlConnectionFactoryProvider.OPTIONS, options)
		}
	}

}

When a ConnectionFactory bean is available, the regular JDBC DataSource auto-configuration backs off. If you want to retain the JDBC DataSource auto-configuration, and are comfortable with the risk of using the blocking JDBC API in a reactive application, add @Import(DataSourceAutoConfiguration.class) on a @Configuration class in your application to re-enable it.

Embedded Database Support

Similarly to the JDBC support, Spring Boot can automatically configure an embedded database for reactive usage. You need not provide any connection URLs. You need only include a build dependency to the embedded database that you want to use, as shown in the following example:

<dependency>
	<groupId>io.r2dbc</groupId>
	<artifactId>r2dbc-h2</artifactId>
	<scope>runtime</scope>
</dependency>

If you are using this feature in your tests, you may notice that the same database is reused by your whole test suite regardless of the number of application contexts that you use. If you want to make sure that each context has a separate embedded database, you should set spring.r2dbc.generate-unique-name to true.

Using DatabaseClient

A DatabaseClient bean is auto-configured, and you can @Autowire it directly into your own beans, as shown in the following example:

Java
Kotlin

import java.util.Map;

import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;

import org.springframework.r2dbc.core.DatabaseClient;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Component
public class MyBean {

	private final DatabaseClient databaseClient;

	public MyBean(DatabaseClient databaseClient) {
		this.databaseClient = databaseClient;
	}

	// ...

	public Flux<Map<String, Object>> someMethod() {
		return this.databaseClient.sql("select * from user").fetch().all();
	}

}

import org.springframework.r2dbc.core.DatabaseClient
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component
import reactor.core.publisher.Flux

@Component
class MyBean(private val databaseClient: DatabaseClient) {

	// ...

	fun someMethod(): Flux<Map<String, Any>> {
		return databaseClient.sql("select * from user").fetch().all()
	}

}

Spring Data R2DBC Repositories

Spring Data R2DBC repositories are interfaces that you can define to access data. Queries are created automatically from your method names. For example, a CityRepository interface might declare a findAllByState(String state) method to find all the cities in a given state.

For more complex queries, you can annotate your method with Spring Data’s Query annotation.

Spring Data repositories usually extend from the Repository or CrudRepository interfaces. If you use auto-configuration, repositories are searched from the package containing your main configuration class (the one annotated with @EnableAutoConfiguration or @SpringBootApplication) down.

The following example shows a typical Spring Data repository interface definition:

Java
Kotlin

import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;

import org.springframework.data.repository.Repository;

public interface CityRepository extends Repository<City, Long> {

	Mono<City> findByNameAndStateAllIgnoringCase(String name, String state);

}

import org.springframework.data.repository.Repository
import reactor.core.publisher.Mono

interface CityRepository : Repository<City?, Long?> {

	fun findByNameAndStateAllIgnoringCase(name: String?, state: String?): Mono<City?>?

}

We have barely scratched the surface of Spring Data R2DBC. For complete details, see the Spring Data R2DBC reference documentation.